A Unique Patient Presentation of Disseminated Strongyloidiasis: Unraveling the Clinical Complexity of an Immunocompromised Patient.

Strongyloidiasis is a rare parasitic disease that can remain dormant and asymptomatic in many individuals. However, in cases of immunosuppression, the motility rate of the Strongyloides parasite increases significantly. This case study presents a unique clinical scenario involving an 88-year-old Hispanic male with a disseminated Strongyloidesinfection. The patient's medical history includes coronary artery disease, a history of percutaneous coronary intervention, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and subsequent recovery of left ventricular function, hypertension, dyslipidemia, mantle cell lymphoma being treated with rituximab every two months since 2019, and chronic anemia. This case emphasizes the importance for physicians to consider strongyloidiasis when faced with a diverse range of symptoms, including syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), rash, gastrointestinal upset, urinary retention, chronic anemia, and chronic eosinophilia, as these manifestations may share a common origin.

Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome mimicking pseudomembranous enteritis, complicated by Escherichia coli bacteremia and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a patient after immunosuppressive therapy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Strongyloidiasis, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis), is endemic worldwide, especially in countries with warm and humid climates. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome (SHS) is an extremely serious manifestation of strongyloidiasis, which results from an acute exacerbation of auto-infection and is often fatal. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of SHS mimicking pseudomembranous enteritis with a final definitive diagnosis of a triple infection including S. stercoralis, Escherchia coli (E. coli) and Pneumocytis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) that occurred in a microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) patient after immunosuppressive therapy. SHS, together with E. coli bacteremia and Pneumocytis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in the same patient, is rare in clinical practice, which is first reported worldwide, to our knowledge. After the diagnosis was confirmed, the treatment protocol was quickly adjusted; however, the patient's life could not be saved. CONCLUSION: This case reminds us of the necessity to consider strongyloidiasis as a differential diagnosis in immunocompromised populations who live in or have visited to S. stercoralis endemic areas, especially patients with suspected pseudomembranous enteritis, even if stool examination, serological tests, and eosinophilia are negative. For this group, it is advisable to complete the relevant endoscopy and/or PCR as soon as possible. The fundamental solution to prevent this catastrophic outcome is to implement effective preventive measures at multiple levels, including physicians, patients, and relevant authorities.

Recurrent Strongyloides stercoralis infection in an HIV+ patient.

Although infection with Strongyloides stercoralis is often subclinical, some infections persist for decades due to the parasite's autoinfective lifecycle. Hyperinfection syndrome, however, characterized by a massive increase in parasite burden as a result of host immunosuppression causes a myriad of clinical symptoms and is associated with high mortality. Use of corticosteroids and infection with HTLV-1 virus are the biggest traditional risk factors for hyperinfection syndrome, though its development can occur with virtually any degree of immunosuppression. Recurrent hyperinfection syndrome, though rare, has also been demonstrated in persons with ongoing immunosuppression, prompting many experts to recommend continued prophylactic treatment in at risk populations. We present the case of a recurrent S. stercoralis hyperinfection occurring four years after previous treatment with anti-helminthic therapy in a patient with AIDS with intermittent adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), highlighting diagnostic and treatment issues in the management of recurrent S. stercoralis infection.

Estrongiloidosis diseminada en un paciente con SIDA / Disseminated strongyloidiasis in an AIDS patient / Estrongiloidíase disseminada em um paciente com AIDS

Se comunica un caso de hiperinfección por Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosticado a partir de una secreción respiratoria obtenida por lavado broncoalveolar (LBA). El paciente, oriundo de una región endémica (Paraguay), VIH positivo (50 linfocitos T CD4+/µL en sangre venosa periférica) se internó por un cuadro pulmonar, presuntivamente identificado como neumocistosis pulmonar (PCP). La microscopia en fresco del concentrado de las secreciones respiratorias reveló larvas rabditoides y filariformes de Strongyloides stercoralis. En la microscopia con tinta china del LCR se observaron levaduras capsuladas (por cultivo Criptococcus neoformans) y la determinación del antígeno polisacárido capsular de C. neoformans fue de 1/1000 en sangre y 1/10 en LCR. El estudio virológico por PCR del LCR fue positivo para citomegalovirus, mientras que el estudio parasitológico del mismo fue negativo, al igual que el examen micológico de las secreciones respiratorias. Tras el diagnóstico parasitológico comenzó el tratamiento con ivermectina (200 µg/kg/día vía oral), el cual resultó ineficaz, tal como lo determinó la presencia de larvas móviles en la microscopia de una muestra de aspirado traqueal. El paciente falleció 3 días después.

A case of Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection diagnosed from respiratory secretions obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is communicated. The patient, born in an endemic region (Paraguay), HIV positive (50 T CD4+ lymphocytes/µL), was hospitalized with respiratory pathology, presumptively suspected as pulmonary pneumocystosis (PCP). Fresh microscopy of the respiratory secretions concentrate revealed filariform and rabditoide larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. India ink microscopy of CSF showed capsulated yeasts (Criptococcus neoformans by culture). The titles bron of polysaccharide capsular antigen of C. neoformans were 1/1.000 in blood and 1/10 in CSF. Virological study of CSF by PCR was positive for citomegalovirus, and parasitological examination was negative, as well as the mycological study of respiratory secretions. After diagnosis, treatment with ivermectin (200 µg/kg/day) was started, which proved ineffective, as was determined by the presence of multiple motile larvae in the microscopy of a tracheal lavage. The patient died 3 days later.

Comunica-se um caso de hiperinfecção por Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosticado a partir de uma secreção respiratória obtida através de lavagem broncoalveolar (LBA). O paciente, originário de uma região endêmica (Paraguai), HIV positivo (50 linfócitos T CD4+/µL em sangue venoso periférico) foi hospitalizado devido a um quadro pulmonar, presuntivamente identificado como pneumocistose pulmonar (PCP). A microscopia em fresco da concentração das secreções respiratórias revelou larvas rabditoides e filariformes de Strongyloides stercoralis. Na microscopia com tinta nanquim do LCR foram observadas leveduras capsuladas (por cultura Criptococcus neoformans) e a determinação do antígeno polissacarídeo capsular de C. neoformans foi de 1/1000 em sangue e 1/10 em LCR. O estudo virológico por PCR do LCR foi positivo para Citomegalovirus, enquanto que o estudo parasitológico do mesmo foi negativo, do mesmo modo que o exame micológico das secreções respiratórias. Após o diagnóstico parasitológico começou o tratamento com ivermectina (200 µg/kg/día vo), o qual resultou ineficaz, tal como foi determinado pela presença de larvas móveis na microscopia de uma amostra de aspiração traqueal. O paciente faleceu 3 dias depois.

Estrongiloidosis diseminada en un paciente con SIDA / Disseminated strongyloidiasis in an AIDS patient / Estrongiloidíase disseminada em um paciente com AIDS

Se comunica un caso de hiperinfección por Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosticado a partir de una secreción respiratoria obtenida por lavado broncoalveolar (LBA). El paciente, oriundo de una región endémica (Paraguay), VIH positivo (50 linfocitos T CD4+/AL en sangre venosa periférica) se internó por un cuadro pulmonar, presuntivamente identificado como neumocistosis pulmonar (PCP). La microscopia en fresco del concentrado de las secreciones respiratorias reveló larvas rabditoides y filariformes de Strongyloides stercoralis. En la microscopia con tinta china del LCR se observaron levaduras capsuladas (por cultivo Criptococcus neoformans) y la determinación del antígeno polisacárido capsular de C. neoformans fue de 1/1000 en sangre y 1/10 en LCR. El estudio virológico por PCR del LCR fue positivo para citomegalovirus, mientras que el estudio parasitológico del mismo fue negativo, al igual que el examen micológico de las secreciones respiratorias. Tras el diagnóstico parasitológico comenzó el tratamiento con ivermectina (200 Ag/kg/día vía oral), el cual resultó ineficaz, tal como lo determinó la presencia de larvas móviles en la microscopia de una muestra de aspirado traqueal. El paciente falleció 3 días después.(AU)

A case of Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection diagnosed from respiratory secretions obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is communicated. The patient, born in an endemic region (Paraguay), HIV positive (50 T CD4+ lymphocytes/AL), was hospitalized with respiratory pathology, presumptively suspected as pulmonary pneumocystosis (PCP). Fresh microscopy of the respiratory secretions concentrate revealed filariform and rabditoide larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. India ink microscopy of CSF showed capsulated yeasts (Criptococcus neoformans by culture). The titles bron of polysaccharide capsular antigen of C. neoformans were 1/1.000 in blood and 1/10 in CSF. Virological study of CSF by PCR was positive for citomegalovirus, and parasitological examination was negative, as well as the mycological study of respiratory secretions. After diagnosis, treatment with ivermectin (200 Ag/kg/day) was started, which proved ineffective, as was determined by the presence of multiple motile larvae in the microscopy of a tracheal lavage. The patient died 3 days later.(AU)

Comunica-se um caso de hiperinfecþÒo por Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosticado a partir de uma secreþÒo respiratória obtida através de lavagem broncoalveolar (LBA). O paciente, originário de uma regiÒo endÛmica (Paraguai), HIV positivo (50 linfócitos T CD4+/AL em sangue venoso periférico) foi hospitalizado devido a um quadro pulmonar, presuntivamente identificado como pneumocistose pulmonar (PCP). A microscopia em fresco da concentraþÒo das secreþ§es respiratórias revelou larvas rabditoides e filariformes de Strongyloides stercoralis. Na microscopia com tinta nanquim do LCR foram observadas leveduras capsuladas (por cultura Criptococcus neoformans) e a determinaþÒo do antígeno polissacarídeo capsular de C. neoformans foi de 1/1000 em sangue e 1/10 em LCR. O estudo virológico por PCR do LCR foi positivo para Citomegalovirus, enquanto que o estudo parasitológico do mesmo foi negativo, do mesmo modo que o exame micológico das secreþ§es respiratórias. Após o diagnóstico parasitológico comeþou o tratamento com ivermectina (200 Ag/kg/día vo), o qual resultou ineficaz, tal como foi determinado pela presenþa de larvas móveis na microscopia de uma amostra de aspiraþÒo traqueal. O paciente faleceu 3 dias depois.(AU)